Police Brutality in Nigeria: a Way Forward

Déjà vu!

I'm afraid there are no quick fixes to the problem of police brutality in Nigeria. A holistic approach is imperative if there were going to be any sustainable changes in the manner of operation of the police to align with respect decency and human rights. Outrage and protests against police savagery had occurred in the past, and some similar reactions emanated from concerned authorities.  It ended mostly on headlines and public pronouncements. If they were real changes, we would not be at this juncture anymore.  

The latest protest, galvanised by the viral video of the alleged extrajudicial killing of a young male by the Special Anti-robbery Squad (SARS), which eventually resulted in the banning of this particular unit of the Nigeria Police, is just one of horrid stories of the torture, viciousness and impunity that many Nigerians have undergone in the hands of the officers. It appeared there was a total breakdown of any mechanism for accountability and check and balances in SARS. Officers in these units operated as police, prosecutors and judges rolled into one. It is not uncommon for members of the team to openly threaten to "waste your life" (a flippant disregard to the sanctity of life, where it is so cheap to be "wasted" or killed at whims without repercussion) if one does not "cooperate" with them, a tainted expression for bribery and extortion. It had reached such an extent that citizens who encountered these officers felt robbed at gunpoint by the very people who were paid to protect them from armed robbers. Such was the sad irony of the Police SARS. Numerous accounts from citizens of the various forms of brutality and brazen abuse of power by SARS abound.

However, it is crucial to realise that while attention is presently focused on SARS, there is also systemic corruption, recklessness and impunity in the regular police and other security operatives, including the military. It is, therefore, a situation that requires a systemic approach in dealing with the dysfunction and restoring the confidence of citizens in the police and other security operatives. In the line of my work as a forensic pathologist, I have come into contact and worked with many police offices, mainly in the course of forensic death investigation, and sexual violence. There are a good number of officers who are committed to operating within professional and ethical boundaries, and I have the opportunity of working with them. There are equally some who are emblematic of police corruption and abuse of power. It is, therefore, not a blanket condemnation of the entire Nigeria Police, nor is it a validation of the regular police or other non-SARS units in the police. Instead, it is a call to take a lot at the structures in place, from police recruitment, training and retraining, deployment, welfare and dignity, and related considerations. Dissolution of SARS and redeployment the same scurrilous officers to other units of the police is simply a change of address. Only a fundamental shift in the structure and function of the police may yield the needed result. And it is not impossible to attain. The outcome will be better, both for the police and citizenry.  

Police Recruitment

There is increasing literacy level in the country, and this should reflect in the educational standard set for police recruitment, especially among the rank and file, who do most of the policing in the community. It is alarming the number of police officers at checks points and on the streets, who are unable to communicate in English, which is the official national language of government transaction. Many of the barely literate police officers, both regular and SARS, take offence to "speaking grammar" because of inherent limitation, both in literacy and communication skills. And things have gone wrong on that note. Upgrading the entering education level for federal police officers, who are usually posted around the country for service, will be a significant step in attracting a generation of police officers who are confident and can relate with members of the society, without complexes. Some proficiency in the three major languages in the country should also be part of the recruitment requirement since there is no state police in Nigeria. It is an invitation to disaster to recruit officer, who could barely communicate in English and are not proficiency in other major local languages and yet are posted to other parts of the country to interact with the citizens. Presently, such interaction often results in violence and police brutality. Communication skills, as a pre-recruitment condition, cannot be overemphasised.  

The quality of background checks in Nigeria before recruitment is questionable. A robust system of background checks, preferably by an independent agency or commission, should be carried out as a critical bridge that must be crossed before a person is recruited into the police. Internal security is weaved into the fabric of all endeavours in society. Therefore, the recruitment of officers, who will be charged with the responsibility of maintaining law and order across the country, should be based on a background devoid of criminal or criminal-like activities or associations. It is so integral to the essence of a civil society that nepotism and other extraneous considerations inimical to a sustainable system must not be a feature in the recruitment of officers. Sadly, such appears to be the trend in all aspects of our national life, and it is not a surprise we have a police service that essentially reflects the state of affairs. 

Training and Retraining

The training of police, from the rank and file to the senior officers, should not only be on police procedures and techniques but also on contemporary subjects in all aspects of policing. What appears to be prominent in the present training format of the police is "inbreed training": training of the police by the police for the police. It minimises a crucial aspect that should involve civilian experts and non-experts on various subjects in the tricky work of engaging with people in the real world, where, unlike in security agencies, people don't necessarily obey "orders". Rather, they tend to query such dictates and demand for their rights. Social skills and emotional intelligence should be critical components of police training and retraining programmes. And it is almost impossible to achieve an optimal training outcome in a police officer, who does not possess adequacy literacy to comprehend such training. 

Police training and retraining programmes should also be contextualised. The usual recourse to "textbook" training without appropriate assessment of training needs and context is almost as ineffectual as it is mundane. It is, therefore, not surprising that despite all the resources and commitments to training, there is hardly a translation to positive impact in actual policing at the community level. There is also no visible mechanism in place for the evaluation of such training in actual practice by the police authorities. Training practically slides into a routine ritual, which is out of touch with present-day challenges and oblivious of the evolving issues in the community. To make up for this deficiency is more militarisation of the police with requests for more weapons, operational vehicles and related equipment, and high-handed approach with force and brutality against civilians. 

In an occasion, I asked a police officer, supposedly working in the particular unit attending to sexual violence, if they had received training on how to treat (including the approach to interview in an appropriate ambience) persons reporting alleged sexual assault, especially rape. Apparently, there was no such training, and obviously, no implementation of such skills. It is not surprising that citizens who are victims of sexual violence dread reporting to the police. The indignity, disrespect and re-traumatisation are all too common. Training and retraining of the police require an urgent reality check. 

Deployment

The federal system of policing in Nigeria means that officers are usually deployed to different parts of the country irrespective of their states of origin. This practice should be a strength as moving officers round the country for policing acquaints them with a broader knowledge and appreciation of people and their socio-cultural ethos. Police deployment to any locations should be matched with the required profile, including skills, and the community needs or peculiarity. Unfortunately, corruption, favouritism and other narrow interests appear to take centre stage in the current practice. Accountability takes the back seat, and impunity is elevated.

Welfare and Dignity

We must care for the police. The standard of living of the police rank and file is pathetic; a visit to any of the police barracks will reveal the deplorable state of housing and other essential amenities. The general condition of employment, including salary package, needs to be reviewed and upgraded. The police deserve a decent wage. Furthermore, the police stations should be equipped with the necessary facilities that will enhance the work they do. Police stations often claim they have no stationeries to take complaints, no fuel for operational vehicle to respond to a distress call, and not uncommonly, too hungry to take necessary action!

Police officers should be treated with respect and dignity. There is a need for scrutiny of how the police hierarchy manages funds earmarked for staff welfare and infrastructure. Throwing money at issue without first understanding the root cause(s) of the decay in the living and service conditions of the police may amount to stuffing the cesspit. For a sincere start, it is necessary to admit that the police rank and file is getting a raw deal in the current system. It is in our collective interest to demand that the welfare and dignity of the police are accorded due priority.

So long....changing focus in Forensics

It has been such a long time since my last post. I couldn't predict the impact my current role was going to have on my time and presence for blog posts. My attention was on new work imperatives. However, recently I encountered a young forensic pathologist who recognized me and he indicated he had been following my blog and learning a bit of forensics from it and wanting to know why I stopped writing. I promised I was going to restart but declared my limited space this time round might reduce the frequency. This is in fulfilment of that promise to a colleague in some corner of the world who is among the few that read my thoughts on this blog.

It is also important to declare to my readers that there has also been some shift in focus: from forensics merely being a tool in the justice system, especially the criminal justice system, to forensics as a veritable instrument for humanitarian purposes in relevant contexts. Forensic sciences could provide answers to families and communities beset by the tragedies of armed conflicts, natural disasters and migration deaths. Behind every unidentified deceased person is a daughter, wife, husband, father, mother, grandparents, cousins etc. waiting for answers. Families and friends don't give up on this wait and we shouldn't give up on the search for this answer. This is where working with relevant practitioners, institutions and authorities concerned is vital to providing this missing link that will help affected families and communities come to some closure after a tragedy.

Humanitarian Forensics encapsulates this approach, and I'll be sharing some personal thoughts on how forensic practitioners and other stakeholders, including the general public, could appropriate the principles and practice of the application of elements of forensic sciences to the service of humanity in relevant contexts. You may not have heard about "Humanitarian Forensics" before and I can assure you it's not a new forensic science. There will be more discussions subsequently, and hopefully not after another long wait!

2016 and Forensic Medicine in the Horizon

Happy New year to all my blog readers and contributors. Last year was quite hectic with work schedules and we discussed fewer topics than we did the previous year. As we set out this year journey, there are certain indices we need to keep a tab on regarding Forensic Medicine and Human Rights in Africa:

1. What investments are governments, institutions and relevant agencies in Africa making regarding infrastructure and human capital in forensic medicine?
2. How many African countries have accredited institutions for training in forensic medicine?
3. How many laboratories, both public and private, have any recognized accreditation to undertake credible forensic analyses in Africa?
4. How many cases of sexual violence in Africa are managed by trained forensic medicine practitioners in that field?
5. How many African countries have specially trained Police Unit to handle cases of sexual violence and child abuse?
6. How many African countries have enabling law that makes it easy for victims of sexual violence to seek medical and judicial redress?
7. How many African countries have forensic protocols for dealing with injuries or death in custody, and also forensic medicine practitioners protected by law to give independent assessment and evidence on conditions of those in custody be it prisons, police detentions/cells, holding cells of  State Secrete Service officers and other military and parameter units?
8. How many African countries have accountability mechanisms to either forestall or for forensic investigation of summary and arbitrary execution of detainees especially by state actors?
9. What are the modalities for the forensic investigation of torture and other inhuman treatment by state actors in African countries?
10. How many African countries have an independent ombudsman that looks into complaints of abuse of power by both state and non state actors and agencies?
11. How many African countries pay a closer look than the "act of God" attitude in forensic investigation of traffic crashes through established Traffic Medicine protocol?
12. How many African countries have legal blood alcohol limit against which relevant agencies could prosecute offending drivers/persons after undertaking appropriate forensic analysis by qualified personnel?
13. How many African countries have a functional forensic death investigation system that accounts for every life? 

The list of items is endless and across Africa, people can identify with these questions  with the broader issue of the rule of law, accountability, justice, and humanity. It may not be possible to have a society completely free of abuse, violence and inhumanity but every society must endeavor to put in place a credible system that checks impunity and ensures accountability. This will be a viable means of upholding human rights in our communities across Africa, and investment is forensic medicine practice is veritable way of achieving this goal in the New Year and beyond.

Once again, Happy New year!

Standing with France, Standing with Humanity and Denouncing Terrorism

This post is dedicated to the victims of the recent mindless and cowardly killing of ordinary people in France by persons and affiliate groups who have no place in our contemporary world.
Together and united, we'll defeat this barbaric ideology and they will never succeed in depriving us of our shared humanity.

"‘Dead’ man wakes up just before post-mortem"

I have decided to make this news report headline the focus of this post because of its importance to individuals and to our communities especially with regards to hospital practice vis-a-vis management of the dead. The details of the story are in The Times of India.

Certifying death may appear to be a routine task involving some quick procedures and paperwork, but it is as important as any other clinical work undertaken by a medical doctor. This is why in most countries, only a medical doctor, for good reasons, can certify that someone has indeed died. The mere appearance of lifelessness is not akin to death and that is why it takes the knowledge and skill of a physician to make that final call. Unfortunately, this all-important duty may be carried out rather in haste because of the general attitude of "finality" and low priority accorded to the apparently dead. Now you can imagine the risks individuals and the community at large may face in situations where the dead are "confirmed" dead at home, usually by non-doctors and the following action will be burial or embalmment in some mortuary depending on funeral practices.

Imagine the following:

1. The possibility that more people pronounced dead outside of the hospital may not actually be dead in the first place.

2. Some patients pronounced dead in the hospital and quickly (in minutes or a few hours) released to relations (who may already have a ready coffin to carry the body) for immediate burial, may not be dead after all and may have been buried in error! Immediate burial is common in some contexts in the developing world due to peculiar factors including culture and religion.

3. That the practice of immediate body preservation especially formalin embalmment, most of which in some countries are conducted outside of hospital facilities, could pose a potential risk of inadvertent termination of life of a patient in a possible state of "suspended animation". One may argue it is a remote possibility, but the loss of any life is 100% loss to the affected family.

The take-home is not that a state of "suspended animation" is such a common occurrence or that doctors often make mistakes in certifying death. The importance of this news report is the need to adhere strictly to protocol at all times, especially in dealing with the human body including after-life care. Often post-mortem care is neglected in many hospitals. The practice of calling the attention of the doctor to a "dead" patient often by other healthcare workers assisting and working closely with doctors, should be discouraged. Such labelling could be a potential block in the mind and attitude of the doctor in applying due clinical care, like resuscitation and diligent check for vital signs and reflexes before coming to a conclusion of "dead".

I'll recommend that a doctor's attention be brought to a patient with a simple and clear indication that the patient is no longer breathing or that the pulse is not felt etc. It therefore puts the doctor in the right frame of mind to trigger necessary steps including resuscitation measures, where applicable, before certifying death, especially in busy areas of clinical care like the Emergency Room. "Doctor this patient is dead" or "...has expired" should not be allowed. Certifying death should only be objective and meticulous and bodies should be deposited in a hospital mortuary preferably in a chiller for at least 24 hours before release to family. Similarly, when an autopsy is indicated, the body of the dead should not be taken straight to the autopsy table immediately after death certification at the ER or hospital ward. There are a lot of safeguards in bodies staying in a functional mortuary for at least 24 hours before further actions are taken except in exceptional circumstances. I must also state that in some circumstances, death is very obvious and does not require any further validation e.g., decapitation. However, the mere presence of certain features, usually associated with postmortem changes in the body of the dead, e.g., maggots, is not proof that this particular person is dead because the larvae can feed on any necrotic or dead tissues even in the living! This situation also applied to the index case, the "dead" man who woke up.

Whatever the situation, there must be dignified management of the dead in all cases, and no occasion should arise where "dead" bodies will wake up just before postmortem as reported in the Indian news report. It calls for due diligence in pronouncing someone dead and has medicolegal entailment. 

Our Humanity; a Top Consideration

It is becoming clearer by the day that despite artificial borders and differences in political leanings, religions and culture, we are simply Humanity. We all feel pain, share joy, experience frustration and seek for better lives for ourselves and loved ones. It was therefore heart wrenching to see countless number of refugees and migrants perishing in the Mediterranean Sea in attempt to escape the horror they face in their "home" of circumstance. However, the concept of "home", "our home", "our country" or "our land" has come in the way of embracing our shared humanity and the result has been a huge global refugee and migrant tragedy recently captured by the body of drowned 3 year old boy washed ashore. It is a serious opportunity to rethink our humanity and our shared values.

It is not uncommon to talk about professionalism, academics, and various institutional frameworks for governance, business, and the general polity. What may be missing sometimes may be an appropriate recognition of what the end is supposed to be. The aforementioned are undoubtedly means of achieving some end but the ultimate end is enhancing our humanity; positing our humanity into proper perspective; making the lives of people around us more wholesome and meaningful; developing the human capital towards realizing our goal of making our communities a better place. Nations, especially the developed countries, which are currently witnessing influx of refugees or immigrants, may need to change the narrative from being that of "fear and apprehension of being invaded" to a humanity narrative of "precious human capital that could drive positive change and innovation for greater progress". Humans are at the core of any development, prosperity and advancement in any geographical space. It is therefore time we started appreciating the value of our humanity in contextualizing policies and operations.

Meanwhile, some sense of order is required for any meaningful progress to be accomplished. Documentation is one of the vital tools in achieving our humanity essence. Therefore, as great human movement of refugees and migrants (unfortunately largely due to man-made disasters and violence) of our generation continues, neighboring and other concerned countries should prepare to make the process of documentation less cumbersome, transparent and devoid of profiling prejudices. We must understand that where we call "home" today was probably where our great grandparents migrated to in some distant past. One may need to check out some history about countries in the world starting in alphabetical in order to get a sense of “home” redefinition.  "Home" is in a constant state of flux and only the humility and consideration in our humanity that can bring that message home that we are not completely at "home" until everyone has a place to call "home". Forensic tools could be deployed to ensure that everyone is accounted for in manner that seeks to provide for their needs and track their progress in settling into a new environment. Good News is that in any community or groups, there are far more good people than the bad ones, who unfortunately tend to grab the headlines most times. However, trusting our humanity emboldens our common good and at the same time represses the operation and relevance of evil. We can only achieve this by focusing more on our shared values rather than on things that divide; rather than on things that cause us to fear and distrust; and rather than on terror. Humanity is a team work and we belong to one another. And this is the meaning of any skills, talents, professions or institutions we may hold. The true expression of these items is in promoting our humanity.

While I was Away....

I've missed my readers on this blog for some months. It has been a very eventful period since April 2015 when my last post was made. There have been new developments in Africa regarding the practice of Forensic Medicine and how Africa engages in addressing certain challenges on the continent and beyond with forensic knowledge and skills. Earlier this year, in the first week of March 2015, African practitioners gathered in Nairobi under the auspices of the African Society of Forensic Medicine (ASFM) for the annual forensic conference to discuss the theme: Forensic Management of Violence in Africa. Sub-themes included Management of Terrorism and Armed Conflict, Management of Sexual and Gender Based Violence and Interpersonal Violence and Injury Interpretation. Stakeholders like UN Women, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and other stakeholders were in attendance to contribute in charting a way forward towards reducing the scourge of violence in Africa especially with the upsurge in armed conflict and terrorism. Incidentally, where there is armed conflict or terrorism, sexual and gender based violence increases. The case of the Chibok girls abducted by the marauding Boko Haram terrorists in Nigeria underscores the unfortunate nexus. Practical discussions were held on modalities of managing violence and the urgent need for nation states in Africa to adopt standard protocol that will guide practitioners in offering appropriate services. Emphasis was also placed on the urgent need for infrastructural and human capital development in forensic medicine and science in Africa.

Towards addressing great human distress associated with unidentified bodies following disasters, some of which are precipitated by violence, a dedicated team of African volunteers who could be deployed at short notice to assist communities plagued by mass causalities was inaugurated. The team named DVI Team Africa is the first of its kind in Africa and volunteers are mainly practitioners in forensic medicine and science. It will be easier to mobilize much needed support to assist in disaster management in any parts of Africa where such assistance is needed. The team could also contribute to international disaster management beyond Africa, when such involvement required. It is commendable that African practitioners are stepping up to being part of the solution to a complex and pervasive problem on the continent.

Meanwhile, many events of forensic relevance have taken place during this "leave of absence" period. There was a focus on the unregulated fertility practice in Nigeria, an alarm I had raised in my earlier blogs. An investigative journalist unraveled just a portion of this sordid story in the second week of August under the title: Ovum trading: Inside Nigeria's multi-million naira human egg business. I will be writing more on this and other issues in subsequent posts.

Finally, I wouldn't want to be away for a long time like in this case. However, work situation and exigencies sometime conspire to attenuate our commitment to other important issues. Working on maintaining a delicate balance is a continuous effort. And thanks for staying with this blog. Your comments will be invaluable to gaining more understanding about what happens around us in our different points of view.